I rather think that the most important theological text of the last century or two is the debate that occurred in 1923 on the pages of *Die Christiliche Welt* between Karl Barth and the single greatest theological superstar of the time, Barth's teacher, Adolf von Harnack. I think one of the earliest tasks of any budding young theologian is to understand what is so dreadfully wrong with Harnack here.
(This is available in *The Beginnings of Dialectic Theology*, vol. 1 (there is no vol. 2), ed. James M. Robinson, 163–187).